tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52913252001794816272024-03-04T23:15:26.026-08:00Sejarah Singkat Perkembangan TeleponAzezahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03672458911641656078noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5291325200179481627.post-79182866581413831472010-12-13T04:32:00.001-08:002010-12-13T04:32:07.227-08:00Sejarah Telepon Seluler<link href="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Bernard/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msoclip1/01/clip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Telepon Genggam seringnya disebut handphone (disingkat HP) atau disebut pula sebagai telepon Seluler (disingkat ponsel) adalah perangkat telekomunikasi elektronik yang mempunyai kemampuan dasar yang sama dengan telepon fixed line konvensional, namun dapat dibawa ke mana-mana ( portabel, mobile ) dan tidak perlu disambungkan dengan jaringan telepon menggunakan kabel ( nirkabel; wireless ). Saat ini Indonesia mempunyai dua jaringan telepon nirkabel yaitu sistem GSM (Global System For Mobile Telecommunications ) dan sistem CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access ). ( Wikipedia, 2007)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Sistem Handphone terdiri dari perangkat keras ( hardware ) dan perangkat lunak ( software). Tanpa perangkat lunak handphone hanya benda keras saja, demikian juga perangkat tanpa perangkat keras, tanpa perangkat keras hanya merupakan kode-kode computer saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Ponsel merupakan gabungan dari Teknologi Radio yang dikawinkan dengan Teknologi Komunikasi Telepon. Telepon pertama kali ditemukan dan diciptakan oleh Alexander Graham Bell pada tahun 1876. sedangkan komunikasi tanpa kabel (wireless) ditemukan oleh Nikolai Tesla pada tahun 1880 dan diperkenalkan oleh Guglielmo Marconi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Akar dari perkembangan digital wireless dan seluler dimulai sejak 1940 saat teknologi telepon mobil secara komersial diperkenalkan. Apabila dibandingkan dengan perkembangan sekarang yang begitu pesat, sebenarnya teknologi ini mengalami hambatan dalam perkembangan kurang lebih selama 60 tahun. Hal ini di karenakan</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">perkembangan teknologi yang murah seperti transistor atau semi konduktor belum dikembangkan dengan baik. Setelah ditemukannya transistor maka dimungkinkan perkembangan teknologi menjadi lebih pesat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Azezahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03672458911641656078noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5291325200179481627.post-14910300945660879262010-12-08T06:27:00.001-08:002010-12-08T06:52:19.340-08:00Komponen – Komponen Telepon Selular<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen – Komponen Telepon Selular<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Didalam perangkat handphone banyak komponen yang digunakan seperti:Transistor, IC (Intergrated Citcuit), Dioda, dan sebagainya. Untuk dapat mengerti bekerjanya rangkaian pada perangkat handphone maka harus dipelajari sifat dari komponen-komponen yang penting. Pada bab ini akan dibicarakan komponen-komponen yang terdapat pada perangkat handphone secara garis besar dan bekerjanya rangkaian yang penting.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komponen yang terdapat pada perangkat handphone dapat di klasifikasikan menjadi dua bagian, yaitu komponen internal dan external</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="height: 207px; left: 0px; margin-left: 214px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 206px; z-index: 251648512;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd56FkvV7VMSJMoPy6dwB4dWv0banksErmzYaJjn5Dq8C5SCcroQxg1WvpLDxgIDtDiUnbZWuSLlul9y_rFALPVRLJZNMoamcTAj2kPZ6hSadI2tO5EepKypKz1LraXhaYwOHzStRrQvLP/s1600/PCB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd56FkvV7VMSJMoPy6dwB4dWv0banksErmzYaJjn5Dq8C5SCcroQxg1WvpLDxgIDtDiUnbZWuSLlul9y_rFALPVRLJZNMoamcTAj2kPZ6hSadI2tO5EepKypKz1LraXhaYwOHzStRrQvLP/s200/PCB.jpg" width="198" /></a></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen Internal</span></b><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komponen internal adalah komponen yang terdapat pada mesin handphone, dimana komponennya terpasang pada papan PCB (Printed Circuit Board).komponen internal dapat digolongkan dalam bebrapa golangan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komponen pasif</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang dimaksud dengan komponen pasif adalah komponen-komponen elektronika yang tidak dapat menghasilkan tenaga apabila di aliri aliran listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa contoh komponen yang termasuk pasif adalah: tahanan (Resistor), Kapasitor (kondensator),dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Resistor</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tahanan listrik dalam bidang elektronika disebut juga resistor atau resistence. Dalam bahasa belanda dikenal dengan nama Werstand.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tahanan listrik adalah komponen yang paling banyak dipergunakan dalam rangkaian elektronika ,hal ini di sebabkan karena sifat dan fungsi dari tahanan itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Besar kecilnya nilai tahanan dapat dinyatakan dengan satuan Ohm atau ditulis dengan huruf latin Ω (omega) dan notasinya ditulis dengan huruf R.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt;">Bentuk fisik dari tahanan adalah seperti pada gambar di bawah ini.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0-VA-4znwcQBomT6rehp9ds88WayDNo5qTv_KllEhWLghwTvDFcOhUvD7UH3yD_oqbDkT5xcZREmYjeyHPyLtdn6kHVsNwNLWf7pPVDZdASVA9jDcRMexUm5JhwQpNzSRRvzSgQ2pszW/s1600/Resistor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="62" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0-VA-4znwcQBomT6rehp9ds88WayDNo5qTv_KllEhWLghwTvDFcOhUvD7UH3yD_oqbDkT5xcZREmYjeyHPyLtdn6kHVsNwNLWf7pPVDZdASVA9jDcRMexUm5JhwQpNzSRRvzSgQ2pszW/s200/Resistor.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
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</style> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi dari pemasangan tahanan (resistor) dalam suatu rangkaian adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai pembatasan atau pengatur arus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai pengatur tegangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai pembagi tegangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kondensator</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seperti halnya resistor, kondensator adalah termasuk salah satu komponen pasif yang banyak dipergunakan dalam rangkaian elektronika.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kondensator dalam bidang elektronika disebut juga kapasitor atau condenser.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kapasitor berasal dari kata Capasitance atau kapasitas yang artinya adalah kemampuan untuk menyimpan aliran listrik untuk sementara waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Symbol dari kondensator adalah seperti pada gambar dibawah ini:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil7oS93rEHueSGf5SRuLiy5nGBsL_wARf61zD3AI3sIUV7iTqrBYd8TtQCCYj6cAhsgOyL4B-DN41NdL7U1S7uEd7D9MKmJ8fEg9GlBLliKeLGWqQx6rB7HFvCWi3_NNU5gfQOBfOG8Nr_/s1600/Kondensator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil7oS93rEHueSGf5SRuLiy5nGBsL_wARf61zD3AI3sIUV7iTqrBYd8TtQCCYj6cAhsgOyL4B-DN41NdL7U1S7uEd7D9MKmJ8fEg9GlBLliKeLGWqQx6rB7HFvCWi3_NNU5gfQOBfOG8Nr_/s200/Kondensator.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Besarnya kapasitas dari kondensator dinyatakan dengan satuan farad (F) dan notasinya ditulis dengan huruf capital C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nama farad diambil sebagai tanda penghargaan kepada seorang pencipta kondensator yang bernama Michael Faraday.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam praktek biasanya satuan Farad (F) dianggap sangat terlalu besar, sehingga dalam pemakaiannya satuan farad diperkecil menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mikro Farad disingkat µF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nano Farad disingkat nF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Piko Farad disingkat pF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perbandingan satuan-satuan tersebut adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1 Farad (F) = 1.000.000 µF (µF=mfd)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1 mikro Farad (µF) = 1.000 nF <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1 nano Farad (nF) = 1.000 pF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan penggunaan kondensator dalam suatu rangkaian elektronika adalah dengan maksud:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai kopling antara rangkaian yang satu dengan yang lainnya (pada rangkaian Power Supply).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai filter dalam rangkaian Power Supply.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai pembangkit frekuensi dalam rangkaian antenna.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menghilangkan bouncing (loncatan api) bila di pasang pada saklar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komponen aktif</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang dimaksud dengan komponen aktif adalah komponen elektronika yang bila dialiri aliran listrik atau signal akan menghasilkan tenaga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang termasuk dalam komponen aktif diantaranya adalah: Dioda Semikonduktor, Transisitor, Intergrated Circuit (IC).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioda Semikonduktor</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioada adalah suatu bahan semikonduktor yang dibuat dari bahan yang disebut PN Juntion yaitu suatu bahan campuran yang terdiri dari bahan positif (P type) dan bahan negative (N type).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahan positif (P type) adalah bahan campuran yang terdiri dari Germanium atau Silikon dengan Aluminium yang mempunyai sifat kekurangan electron dan persifat positif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahan negative (N type) adalah bahan campuran yang terdiri dari Germanium atau Silikon dengan Fosfor yang mempunyai kelebihan electron dan bersifat negative.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila kedua bahan tersebut dipertemukan maka akan menjadi komponen aktif yang disebut Dioda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada gambar terlihat pada bagian yang terdiri dari bahan P type akan membentuk kaki yang disebut kaki Anoda dan bagian yang terdiri dari bahan N type akan membentuk Katoda. Dari uraian di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa dioda adalah komponen yang memiliki 2 buah kaki seperti terlihat pada symbol dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8KjRj0AnviLstpzyvn0hu-h1446IFrJN1o23TRpa2AkgOeJIZBwlu1Kt95FnqzPX4TnEppy1pPkIIskOrTsXL6N73lFQpszFx8rNMpJdjVZnpnwXGQclwunrtPOILNxSpQHYi5NkTI8kR/s1600/Dioda+Semikonduktor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="67" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8KjRj0AnviLstpzyvn0hu-h1446IFrJN1o23TRpa2AkgOeJIZBwlu1Kt95FnqzPX4TnEppy1pPkIIskOrTsXL6N73lFQpszFx8rNMpJdjVZnpnwXGQclwunrtPOILNxSpQHYi5NkTI8kR/s200/Dioda+Semikonduktor.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada dioda, arus listrik hanya dapat mengalir dari kutub Anoda ke kutub Katoda sedangkan arus yang mengalir dari Katoda akan ditahan oleh bahan katoda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan adanya prinsip seperti ini Dioda dapat dipergunakan sebagai:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyearah arus dan tegangan listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengamanan arus dan tegangan listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemblokir arus dan tegangan listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Transistor</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kalau kita perhatikan hampir dalam setiap rangkaian elektronika masa sekarang ini banyak di jumpai satu atau beberapa buah komponen yang bentuknya kecil dan warnanya hitam yang dilengkapi dengan 3 buah kaki. Komponen tersebut dinamakan transistor. Transistor tersebut termasuk juga dalam jenis komponen aktif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHAh0Q_DL9i_XPA8uaL2v_4LbovMhb7c8jkeLyJ8f3lkhCvv3Oe6sl5XOkt7Qv6HqLgVuoUuv9zQw6lCkHWMYTlX1Ku-v-6xr10esXgfFe2nKWK5s-BnbEYomh3LIExbDTl-UGCaoXN_X/s1600/Transistor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="71" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHAh0Q_DL9i_XPA8uaL2v_4LbovMhb7c8jkeLyJ8f3lkhCvv3Oe6sl5XOkt7Qv6HqLgVuoUuv9zQw6lCkHWMYTlX1Ku-v-6xr10esXgfFe2nKWK5s-BnbEYomh3LIExbDTl-UGCaoXN_X/s200/Transistor.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nama transistor berasal dari kata transfer dan resistor, transfer artinya mengalihkan atau membuat perubahan sedangkan resistor adalah suatu bahan yang tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jadi arti dari transistor adalah merubah bahan yang tidak dapat menghantarkan aliran listrik menjadi bahan penghantar atau setengah penghantar atau disebut juga bahan semikonduktor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Transisitor pada umumnya dipergunakan sebagai penguat atau amplifier.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seperti juga halnya dengan dioda, transistor juga dibuat dari bahan germanium, silicon dan indium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Transistor sendiri sebenarnya adalah hasil pengembangan dari 2 buah dioda jenis PN dan NP yang dipertemukan sehingga akan membentuk atau elektoda yang berfungsi sebagai pengontrol pertemuan antara bahan PN dan NP tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IC (Intergrated Circuit).</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perkembangan teknologi elektronika telah berkembang dengan pesatnya. Hal ini ditandai dengan bermunculannya produk-produk baru yang disebut Intergrated Circuit (IC). Komponen IC tersebut dibentuk dari beberapa macam komponen dirangkai menjadi satu rangkaian yang terintergrasi dalam bentuk sebuah chip.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan memasang beberapa buah komponen IC telah memungkinkan seseorang dapat menciptakan suatu perangkat elektronika yang moderen seperti computer dan yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seperti terlihat pada gambar di atas.bentuk fisik dari komponen IC adalah kecil dan berwarna hitam yang dibuat dari bahan silicon.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berbeda dengan transistor, sekalipun bentuknya kecil, IC memiliki banyak kaki. Banyaknya kaki tergantung dari banyaknya komponen yang membentuk IC tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi dari IC tentunya akan bermacam-macam tergantung rangkaian yang diintergrasikannya itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perkembangan IC Handphone</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perkembangan teknologi Hanphone pada generasi sekarang begitu pesat, sehingga fungsi handphone makin canggih dengan tambahan-tambahan fitur seperti kamera digital, radio, lcd berwarna dengan resolusi tinggi dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada handphone generasi lama ukurannya begitu besar, padahal belum terdapat fitur-fitur canggih di dalamnya. Mungkin yang kita bayangkan sebelumnya jika handphone di tambah fitur-fitur canggih maka ukuran handphone akan makin besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan kemajuan teknologi semikonduktor yaitu IC (Intergrated Circuit) ukuran Handphone makin kecil padahal terdapat tambahan-tambahan fitur didalamnya. Hal tersebut di sebabkan rangkaian system handphone sudah banyak yang di gabungkan di dalam satu IC, sehingga sudah tidak lagi membutuhkan tempat yang besar. Akan tetapi bila bermasalah pada salah satu system tersebut, maka harus diganti keseluruhannya karena sudah dibuat satu packing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IC yang paling banyak dipasaran diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">UEM</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada ponsel Nokia terdapat IC UEM (Universal elktronik module), pada IC tersebut merupakan gabungan subsistem :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Power supply<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Control charging<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">UI driver<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Multy mode converter<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Audio amplifier<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Eeprom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Booster SIMCard<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dll<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Helga dan Mjoiner</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada ponsel nokia terdapat IC Helga dan Mjoiner, pada IC tersebut merupakan gabungan subsistem:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Processor RF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LNA (low noise Amplifier)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CCONT</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IC CCONT terdapat pada ponsel nokia type lama seperti:3310,8210,2100. pada IC tersebut merupakan gabungan subsistem:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Power Supply<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Booster Sim Card<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">COBBA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IC COBBA terdapat pada ponsel nokia type lama seperti:3310,8210,2100. pada IC ini terdapat SubSistem DSP (Digital Signal Proccesor) yang meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Multy Mode Converter (A/D-D/A Converter)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Audio Proccesor<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hagar</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IC Hagar terdapat pada ponsel nokia type lama seperti:3310,8210,2100. pada IC ini terdapat SubSistem Proccesor RF (Buffer)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Komponen Eksternal</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">komponen external adalah komponen yang terdapat pada handphone, dimana komponennya terpasang di luar papan PCB (Printed Circuit Board).komponen external dapat diklasifikasikan dalam beberapa bagian, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komponen UI (User Interface)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keypad/Keyboard</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keyboard/keypad adalah alat perintah kepada sistem baseband,dimana perintah-perrintah tersebut utnuk meng-input alfanumerik dan grafis, diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjei341QnjEXfF_1IgwVAvXsYBdkXMurWZem7UFPOG6v03eCj_1ZapMVrf1TdS_-bkFXeYperiajguce0BOwF8gK1o7afkCvRUC4fbwpAtSVgEYcy_380e3pE8DnDs5TEhC6fBHa5qNAnop/s1600/Keyboard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjei341QnjEXfF_1IgwVAvXsYBdkXMurWZem7UFPOG6v03eCj_1ZapMVrf1TdS_-bkFXeYperiajguce0BOwF8gK1o7afkCvRUC4fbwpAtSVgEYcy_380e3pE8DnDs5TEhC6fBHa5qNAnop/s200/Keyboard.jpg" width="200" /></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tombol on/off<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tombol untuk mengetikan angka, huruf.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 7;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tombol perintah dari pengguna (menu)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mikrophone</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="height: 93px; margin-left: 178px; margin-top: 61px; position: absolute; width: 269px; z-index: 251660800;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Input suara yang di hasilkan oleh suara manusia akan di terima oleh mikrophone dimana gelombang suara tersebut akan dirubah menjadi gelombang elektromagnetik untuk di teruskan kepada sistem audio prosesor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0JwbBhOEeV2CdXqe1ChchEYO0Bu5JBsMfIZoJPSSx9GEU-RqJSXaBBWnXsuDJabjgB8yVDI3_B-FuwDULVjUAx3Joj3O2BPw6SakxRoMKEy10x15lkzK83e0_8gW4cgVmHsxNPvXn6wz/s1600/mikrophone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="67" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0JwbBhOEeV2CdXqe1ChchEYO0Bu5JBsMfIZoJPSSx9GEU-RqJSXaBBWnXsuDJabjgB8yVDI3_B-FuwDULVjUAx3Joj3O2BPw6SakxRoMKEy10x15lkzK83e0_8gW4cgVmHsxNPvXn6wz/s200/mikrophone.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Earpeace/ Speakers</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Output pada audio proccesor masih berbentuk gelombang elektromagnetik dan akan di teruskan kepada earpiece / speaker untuk di rubah menjadi getaran suara yang akan merambat pada udara agar dapat di dingar oleh telinga manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LCD</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lcd merupakan alat media informasi yang berbentuk tampilan layar pada ponsel.lcd terdapat berbagai macam model, pada ponsel type lama lcd masih hitam putih dan pada ponsel sekarang sudah berwarna dimana sistem pewarnaannyapun berbeda-beda kualitasnya tergantung dari banyaknya warna yang akan tertampil dan banyaknya sel (pixel).<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</span><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Buzzer</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat output yang berfungsi untuk mengubah gelombang elektromagnetik yang di berikan oleh baseband menjadi gelombang suara yang merambat pada udara dimana rambatan gelombang tersebut akan terdengar oleh manusia sebagai music tandanya telepon masuk atau sms masuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vibrator</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vibrator merupakan motor listrik kecil (dinamo) yang mempunyai bandul yang tidak seimbang,. disaat bandul tersebut berputar dengan cepat, maka akan menghasilkan getaran lembut yang akan terasa oleh manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LED</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="height: 114px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 49px; position: absolute; width: 84px; z-index: 251656704;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY35JiEnO_V3syKnKiRlQUpioYbr_2KIJ99Vgbhgwo-VeBvkXu4IQf45_U9Y1VwRAEkrt_GY-pZc9mmYWJMvT_2a0AjtMA_UhjBwNeCtK-bkjLo4KchLhgVbUJdklQec6BxUCe05TS91rl/s1600/LED.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY35JiEnO_V3syKnKiRlQUpioYbr_2KIJ99Vgbhgwo-VeBvkXu4IQf45_U9Y1VwRAEkrt_GY-pZc9mmYWJMvT_2a0AjtMA_UhjBwNeCtK-bkjLo4KchLhgVbUJdklQec6BxUCe05TS91rl/s1600/LED.jpg" /></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berfungsi sebagai penerangan pada layar tampilan (LCD) juga pada keypad. Led merupakan dioda yang akan menghasilkan cahaya jika diberi muatan listrik oleh baseband.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Infra Red</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Infrared dapat difungsikan sebagai media pengiriman data ataupun penerimaan data, prosesnya yaitu dengan menggunakan signal infra merah ponsel dapat di koneksikan dengan komputer ataupun kepada ponsel lain</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -54pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bluetooth</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bluetooth fungsinya sama dengan inframerah hanya saja pada bluetooth menggunakan sistem radio untuk pengiriman ataupun penerimaan data. Kualitas bluetooth lebih baik ke timbang menggunakan infra red karena bluetooth dapat di gunakan pada jarak yang cukup jauh bahkan bisa mencapai 1kilometer dan tidak terpengaruh oleh halangan – halangan.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kamera</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</style> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Komponen Koneksi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komponen koneksi adalah komponen yang akan mengkoneksikan dengan alat lain, seperti charge, kartu sim, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Konektor Battery</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Konektor battery alat yang menghubungkan battery dengan mesin ponsel.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SIM Reader</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="height: 115px; margin-left: 115px; margin-top: 27px; position: absolute; width: 266px; z-index: 251652608;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiETunXEbRwzDVZm0vh-D_rPdZYBhtVTUewJ-IUqRwaAQA2tku4SrMnCtReTzI81PCZdUaAMuVTeX4eD9EsLN6fBAe9VS2P_o_gqcF_YOlIu9zPceAJGRyDaCpsvYDG0it1-suRAJkhmbxa/s1600/SIM+Reader.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="87" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiETunXEbRwzDVZm0vh-D_rPdZYBhtVTUewJ-IUqRwaAQA2tku4SrMnCtReTzI81PCZdUaAMuVTeX4eD9EsLN6fBAe9VS2P_o_gqcF_YOlIu9zPceAJGRyDaCpsvYDG0it1-suRAJkhmbxa/s200/SIM+Reader.jpg" width="200" /></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Simcard reader adalah komponen untuk mengkoneksikan kartu SIM kepada mesin ponsel.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Plug In<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plug in adalah komponen untuk mengkoneksikan trafo charge, handsfree, kepada mesin ponsel.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYNyKOVpywdmY9OUqv4kUn0ciwOSbmIBQ46_pXPoCl0mEUbine4_dgujzo7TaFBrJ538pIXSyMTvMLMYJvdd4z0fARjXLmm_eZIF6T300AfpeyhkhIKEDSsmSA94r8IwXTXC7v3eV-guXk/s1600/plug+In.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYNyKOVpywdmY9OUqv4kUn0ciwOSbmIBQ46_pXPoCl0mEUbine4_dgujzo7TaFBrJ538pIXSyMTvMLMYJvdd4z0fARjXLmm_eZIF6T300AfpeyhkhIKEDSsmSA94r8IwXTXC7v3eV-guXk/s1600/plug+In.jpg" /></a></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rubber</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rubber terbuat dari karet silicon yang mempunyai serat penghantar untuk mengkoneksikan LCD atau biasanya digunakan untuk mengkoneksikan Microphone ke PCB.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fleksibel</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fleksibel merupakan sebuah alat penghatar seperti kabel, hanya saja terdapat banyak jalur. Fleksibel biasanya digunakan untuk mengkoneksikan LCD ke PCB.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVAq3KQCiBnBeTwiNbKaoCcmSOJooCjj1VTA4mcvsh5IUmAdPm67-1HcdyY_K4x3bo6PNz1FJp3aC6W4xQrHekjJwAaFp_ZgZdUI6nXHj9Si9XG8cZLrqiWrv_isil1Oi71mwYOAqAR15P/s1600/Fleksibel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVAq3KQCiBnBeTwiNbKaoCcmSOJooCjj1VTA4mcvsh5IUmAdPm67-1HcdyY_K4x3bo6PNz1FJp3aC6W4xQrHekjJwAaFp_ZgZdUI6nXHj9Si9XG8cZLrqiWrv_isil1Oi71mwYOAqAR15P/s1600/Fleksibel.jpg" /></a></div><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keytone</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="height: 141px; left: 0px; margin-left: 124px; margin-top: 63px; position: absolute; width: 337px; z-index: 251649536;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">keytone adalah alat untuk menghubungkan interface keypad, bahan yang menghubungkannya ada yang menggunakan bahan karbon dan terbuat dari seng. Biasanya yang terbuat dari karbon sering kali rusak</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmlqRqljewHGwCKOfuimLydH7x490jt0xH71CaZM3sG29T3rS-WKnEDMkYrpLlWRuKRvQZG5R1G5X4Aoalvpy7MGTC4871b7kguO0ojzpKoHZnv3nEbMUf1cJQXyK6qNsQzAYcleIA9atd/s1600/Keytone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmlqRqljewHGwCKOfuimLydH7x490jt0xH71CaZM3sG29T3rS-WKnEDMkYrpLlWRuKRvQZG5R1G5X4Aoalvpy7MGTC4871b7kguO0ojzpKoHZnv3nEbMUf1cJQXyK6qNsQzAYcleIA9atd/s320/Keytone.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span> <b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Azezahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03672458911641656078noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5291325200179481627.post-62811317294490593082010-12-06T02:50:00.001-08:002010-12-06T02:50:33.155-08:00ARSITEKTUR JARINGAN GSM<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">ARSITEKTUR JARINGAN GSM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Jaringan di dalam <i>Global System for Mobile</i> (GSM) disusum dari beberapa entitas fungsional yang dibagi menjadi 3 bagian yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mobile Station <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mobile Station</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> yang merupakan perangkat dibawa oleh pelanggan atau kata lain telepon selulernya yang akan menerima maupun mengirimkan data. <i>Mobile Station</i> terdiri dari <i>Radio Transceiver</i>. <i>Display</i> dan <i>Digital Signal Proccesor</i> (DSP) dan kartu SIM (<i>Subscriber Identity Module</i>). Dalam <i>Global System for Mobile</i> (GSM) identitas panggilan tidak dihubungkan dengan handphone tetapi dengan kartu SIM sehingga bila kartu SIM dimasukkan keterminal lain maka pengguna akan tetap menerima pangilan dan dapat melakukan panggilan dari terminal tersebut serta dapat menerima layanan pelanggan yang lainnya. Mobile Equipment atau handphone secara unik dapat dikenali dengan <i>International Mobile Identity</i> (IMEI) sedangkan kartu SIM memiliki <i>International Mobile</i> <i>Subscriber Identity </i>(IMSI) yang dapat mengidentifikasikan pelanggan. Akan tetapi IMEI dengan IMSI tidak saling tergantung maka dapat digunakan dalam mobilitas pribadi. Dengan kata lain kita dapat memindahkan kartu SIM ke Handphone manapun juga. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihqRjJe606H_FORcyCzJzXPIEAEq2EHaAkLoEMHWXwr672vGWow6ePP0yK0XHi-x-gNb0ASMWdzceCrUlY_cRz48P_wRNnYC4iYWh9eVUsY6efQ_RMvgCWcm0eAX0yZ3w4D_0NU_69xuDR/s200/untitled.bmp" width="200" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar Handphone<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Base Station Subsistem( BBS)<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Base Station Subsistem( BBS) merupakan peralatan yang mengendalikan hubungan antara radio dengan mobile station. BBS terdiri atas dua bagian yaitu : <i>Base Transceiver Station</i> (BTS) yang mengandung <i>transceiver radio</i> yang menangani sebuah cell atau daerah dan berhubungan dengan mobile station dan <i>Base Station Controller</i> (BSC) yang cara kerjanya mengatur hubungan radio antara satu dan beberapa BTS. Selain itu BTS merupakan penghubung antara Mobile Station dengan Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgD0srQeGNLspTN6YfcUvVEUmxUJ8P1r2p15fNgeeCVXof7m2Ks0I_62oYJzmn3BegMAFAGc4BfOQfDXvCV2XSpPVIxaAb0ScWjEseT1dJWXZcno1gpnFrNp_jtfXu66pzaxVhM2gwC2C8/s320/base+station.JPG" width="320" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">GAMBAR BASE STATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Network Sub Sistem<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Network Sub Sistem yang merupakan bagian utamanya adalah mobile Service Switching Center (MSC) kegunaannya untuk melakukan switching pengguna jaringan bergerak dengan pengguna jaringan bergerak atau tetap. Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC) juga menyediakan hubungan dengan jaringan PSTN dan ISDN. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Informasi mengenai mobile station disimpan dalam dua Location Register yang merupakan sebuah basis data. Yang pertama adalah Home Location Register (HLR) yang berisi semua informasi administrasi dari semua pelanggan yang terdaftar disuatu jaringan GSM berserta lokasi dari mobile station. Lokasi dari suatu Mobile Station disimpan dalam bentuk Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN). Sedangkan yang kedua adalah Visitor Location Register(VLR) berisi administrasi terpilih dari Home Location Register (HLR) yang dibutuhkan untuk control pangilan dan izin dari pengguna servis berlangganan untuk setiap pengguna. Register lain yang digunakan untuk autentifikasi dan keamanan adalah Equipment Identity Register (EIR) yang merupakan basis data yang berisi daftar mobile station yang valid dalam jaringan GSM yang teridentifikasi lewat nomor IMEI. Sedangkan Autenthication Center adalah basis data terproteksiyang menyimpan salinan PIN(Personal Identity Number) yang digunakan untuk autentifikasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>Azezahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03672458911641656078noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5291325200179481627.post-13991116521280431962010-12-06T02:35:00.000-08:002010-12-06T02:35:45.445-08:00Cara Kerja HP<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cara_kerja" style="font-size: large;">Cara Kerja </span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cara_kerja" style="font-size: large;">HP</span></h2>Didalam telepon genggam, terdapat sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeras_suara" title="Pengeras
suara">pengeras suara</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon">mikrofon</a>, papan ketik, tampilan layar, dan <i>powerful circuit board</i> dengan <i>microprocessors</i> yang membuat setiap telepon seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a> mini. Ketika berhubungan dengan jaringan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a>, sekumpulan teknologi tersebut memungkinkan penggunanya untuk melakukan panggilan atau bertukar data dengan telepon lain atau dengan komputer.<br />
Jaringan wireless beroperasi dalam sebuah jaringan yang membagi kota atau wilayah kedalam sel-sel yang lebih kecil. Satu sel mencakup beberapa blok kota atau sampai 250 mil persegi. Setiap sel menggunakan sekumpulan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi" title="Frekuensi">frekuensi</a> radio atau saluran-saluran untuk memberikan layanan di area spesifik. Kekuatan radio ini harus dikontrol untuk membatasi jangkauan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal" title="Sinyal">sinyal</a> geografis. Oleh Karena itu, frekuensi yang sama dapat digunakan kembali di sel terdekat. Maka banyak orang dapat melakukan percakapan secara simultan dalam sel yang berbeda di seluruh kota atau wilayah, meskipun mereka berada dalam satu saluran.<br />
Dalam setiap sel, terdapat stasiun dasar yang berisi antenna wireless dan perlengkapan radio lain. Antenna wireless dalam setiap sel akan menghbungkan penelpon ke jaringan telepon local, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, ataupun jaringan wireless lain. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena" title="Antena">Antena</a> wireless mentransimiskan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal" title="Sinyal">sinyal</a>. Ketika telepon genggam dinyalakan, telpon akan mencari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal" title="Sinyal">sinyal</a> untuk mengkonfirmasi bahwa layanan telah tersedia. Kemudian telepon akan mentransmisikan nomor identifikasi tertentu, sehingga jaringan dapat melakukan verifikasi informasi konsumen- seperti penyedia layanan wireless, dan nomor telepon.<br />
<ul><li><b>Panggilan dari telepon genggam ke telepon rumah</b></li>
</ul>Ketika melakukan panggilan dari telepon genggam ke telepon rumah biasa, panggilan tersebut akan berjalan-jalan di melalui antena wireless terdekat dan akan diubah oleh penghantar wireless ke sistem telepon <i>landline</i> tradisional. Panggilan tersebut kemudian akan langsung diarahkan ke jaringan telepon tradisional dan ke orang yang menjadi tujuan panggilan.<br />
<ul><li><b>Panggilan dari Telepon Genggam ke Telepon Genggam</b></li>
</ul>Ketika melakukan panggilan dari ini, panggilan akan dirutekan melalui jaringan landline kepada pengantar wireless penerima atau akan dirutekan dalam jaringan wireless ke tempat sel terdekat dengan orang yang menjadi tujuan panggilan. Pada saat berbicara di telepon genggam, maka telepon genggam akan menangkap suara dan merubah suara menjadi energy <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi" title="Frekuensi">frekuensi</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> (gelombang radio). gelombang radio akan berjalan melalui udara hingga menemukan penerima di stasiun dasar terdekat. Stasiun dasar kemudian akan mengirimkan panggilan tersebut melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> wireless hingga sampai pada orang yang menjadi tujuan telepon.<br />
<ul><li><b>Panggilan jarak jauh</b></li>
</ul>ketika melakukan panggilan terhadap seseorang yang berada sangat jauh, panggilan akan dirutekan pada pusat pertukaran jarah jauh, yang menyambungkan panggilan antar negara atau seluruh dunia melaui kabel <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optic" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a>.Azezahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03672458911641656078noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5291325200179481627.post-28515871566199432062010-11-28T09:00:00.000-08:002010-12-04T21:33:51.262-08:00<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="isi"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL</span></b></span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="isi"><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZzFe6iH5bkCXj1AlavMVeqYrsmAiRoB_oWryoFt2doWIixeWFRGyCrJv9oD3c-GX8rtIAE4V8B6LfB927ZQsFR66AfWyqlfD8GBA4a-GtY1r9Sajw8-IrKlXdD6TS4dDQAT_UDeLPDXdv/s1600/alex.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZzFe6iH5bkCXj1AlavMVeqYrsmAiRoB_oWryoFt2doWIixeWFRGyCrJv9oD3c-GX8rtIAE4V8B6LfB927ZQsFR66AfWyqlfD8GBA4a-GtY1r9Sajw8-IrKlXdD6TS4dDQAT_UDeLPDXdv/s200/alex.gif" width="152" /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="isi">Saat ini komunikasi antar manusia makin mudah karena udah ada fasilitas telepon yang sangat membantu dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Lalu siapa tokoh yang paling berjasa dibalik penemuan telepon? Dia adalah Alexander Graham Bell yang pertama kali menemukan alat komunikasi ini.<br />
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Bell lahir pada tanggal 3 Maret 1847 di Edinburg, Scotland. Bell berasal dari keluarga yang sangat mementingkan pendidikan. Ayahnya adalah seorang psikolog dan elocution bernama Alexander Melville Bell, sedangkan kakeknya Alexander Bell merupakan seorang elucution professor. <br />
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Setelah menyelesaikan kuliahnya di University of Edinburg dan University College di London, Bell memutuskan buat menjadi asisten ayahnya. Dia membantu orang-orang yang cacat pendengaran untuk belajar berbicara dengan metode yang telah diterapkan oleh ayahnya, yaitu dengan memperhatikan posisi bibir dan lidah lawan bicara.<br />
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Pada saat dia bermukim di London, Bell sempat belajar tentang percobaan yang dilakukan oleh Herman Ludwig von Helmholtz berupa tuning fork dan magnet yang bisa menghasilkan bunyi yang terdengar nyaring. Kemudian baru pada tahun 1865 Bell mempelajari lebih mendalam tentang suara yang keluar dari mulut saat berbicara.<br />
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Bell semakin tertarik dengan segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan bunyi-bunyian, makanya dia nggak keberatan ketika harus mengajar di Sarah Fuller, Boston yang merupakan sekolah khusus orang-orang tuli pada tahun 1870, selain itu Bell juga bekerja sebagai guru privat. Dan ketika dirinya diangkat menjadi guru besar psikologi di Boston University pada tahun 1873, Bell mengadakan suatu pertemuan khusus buat para guru yang menangani masalah murid-murid yang mengalami cacat pendengaran.<br />
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Hampir seluruh hidupnya Bell menghabiskan waktunya untuk mengurusi masalah pendidikan orang-orang yang cacat pendengaran bahkan kemudian dirinya mendirikan American Association to Promote the Theahing of Speech to the Deaf.<br />
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Bell mulai melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan phonatograph, multiple telegraph dan electric speaking telegraph dari tahun 1873 sampai 1976 yang dibiayai oleh dua orang ayah dari muridnya. Salah satu penyandang dananya adalah Gardiner Hubbard yang mempunyai seorang putri yang telinganya tuli bernama Mabel, wanita inilah yang dikemudian hari menjadi istri Bell.<br />
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Di kemudian hari Bell mengungkapkan keinginannya untuk menciptakan suatu alat komunikasi dengan transmisi gelombang listrik. Bell pun mengajak temannya Thomas Watson buat membantu menyediakan perlengkapannya. Penelitiannya dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat pengatur suara dan magnet untuk menghantarkan bunyi yang akan dikirimkan, peristiwa ini terjadi pada tanggal 2 Juni 1875. <br />
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Akhirnya terciptalah karya Bell sebuah pesawat penerima telepon dan pemancar yang bentuknya berupa sebuah piringan hitam tipis yang dipasang di depan electromagnet. Baru pada tanggal 14 Februari 1876 Bell mematenkan hasil penemuannya, tapi oleh US Patent Office penemuan Bell ini baru resmi dipatenkan pada tanggal 7 Maret untuk “electric speaking telephone”.<br />
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Bell terus memperbarui penemuannya dan untuk pertama kalinya dia berhasil mengirimkan suatu kalimat berbunyi “Watson, come here, I want you” pada tanggal 10 Maret 1876.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="isi"><a href="http://www.google.com/">www.google.com</a> </span></span>Azezahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03672458911641656078noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5291325200179481627.post-22592445400716620562010-11-28T07:34:00.000-08:002010-12-06T02:34:02.323-08:00Telepon Genggam (HP)<b>Telepon genggam</b> (<b>telgam</b>) atau <b>telepon selular</b> (<b>ponsel</b>) atau <i>handphone</i> (<b>HP</b>) atau disebut pula adalah perangkat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a> elektronik yang mempunyai kemampuan dasar yang sama dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon" title="Telepon">telepon</a> konvensional saluran tetap, namun dapat dibawa ke mana-mana (portabel, <i>mobile</i>) dan tidak perlu disambungkan dengan jaringan telepon menggunakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel" title="Kabel">kabel</a> (nirkabel; <i>wireless</i>). Saat ini Indonesia mempunyai dua jaringan telepon nirkabel yaitu sistem <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> (<i>Global System for Mobile Telecommunications</i>) dan sistem <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> (<i>Code Division Multiple Access</i>).<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fungsi_dan_fitur">Fungsi dan fitur</span></h2>Selain berfungsi untuk melakukan dan menerima panggilan telepon, ponsel umumnya juga mempunyai fungsi pengiriman dan penerimaan pesan singkat (<i>short message service</i>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a>). Ada pula penyedia jasa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon" title="Telepon">telepon</a> genggam di beberapa negara yang menyediakan layanan generasi ketiga (3G) dengan menambahkan jasa <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone" title="Videophone">videophone</a></i>, sebagai alat pembayaran, maupun untuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi">televisi</a> <i>online</i> di telepon genggam mereka. Sekarang, telepon genggam menjadi <i>gadget</i> yang multifungsi. Mengikuti perkembangan teknologi digital, kini ponsel juga dilengkapi dengan berbagai pilihan fitur, seperti bisa menangkap siaran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi">televisi</a>, perangkat lunak pemutar audio <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">(MP3)</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_digital" title="Kamera
digital">kamera digital</a>, <i>game</i>, dan layanan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAP" title="WAP">WAP</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS" title="GPRS">GPRS</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>). Selain fitur-fitur tersebut, ponsel sekarang sudah ditanamkan fitur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a>. Jadi di ponsel tersebut, orang bisa mengubah fungsi ponsel tersebut menjadi mini komputer. Di dunia bisnis, fitur ini sangat membantu bagi para pebisnis untuk melakukan semua pekerjaan di satu tempat dan membuat pekerjaan tersebut diselesaikan dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waktu" title="Waktu">waktu</a> yang singkat.<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Perkembangan">Perkembangan :</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Generasi_0">Generasi 0</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"></div>Handie-talkie SCR536</div></div></div>Sejarah penemuan telepon seluler tidak lepas dari perkembangan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>. Awal penemuan telepon seluler dimulai pada tahun 1921 ketika Departemen Kepolisian Detroit Michigan mencoba menggunakan telepon mobil satu arah. Kemudian, pada tahun 1928 Kepolisian Detroit mulai menggunakan radio komunikasi satu arah regular pada semua mobil patroli dengan frekuensi 2 MHz. pada perkembangan selanjutnya, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> komunikasi berkembang menjadi dua arah dengan ‘’frequency modulated ‘’(FM).<br />
Tahun 1940, Galvin Manufactory Corporation (sekarang Motorola)mengembangkan portable Handie-talkie SCR536, yang berarti sebuah alat komunikasi di medan perang saat perang dunia II. Masa ini merupakan generasi 0 telepon seluler atau 0-G, dimana telepon seluler mulai diperkenalkan.<br />
Setelah mengeluarkan SCR536,kemudian pada tahun 1943 Galvin Manufactory Corporation mengeluarkan kembali partable FM radio dua arah pertama yang diberi nama SCR300 dengan model backpack untuk tentara U.S. Alat ini memiliki berat sekitar 35 pon dan dapat bekerja secara efektif dalam jarak operasi 10 sampai 20 mil.<br />
Sistem telepon seluler 0-G masih menggunakan sebuah sistem <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> VHF untuk menghubungkan telepon secara langsung pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTN" title="PSTN">PSTN</a> <i>landline</i>. Kelemahan sistem ini adalah masalah pada jaringan kongesti yang kemudian memunculkan usaha-usaha untuk mengganti sistem ini.<br />
Generasi 0 diakhiri dengan penemuan konsep modern oleh insinyur-insinyur dari Bell Labs pada tahun 1947. Mereka menemukan konsep penggunaan telepon hexagonal sebagai dasar telepon seluler. Namun, konsep ini baru dikembangkan pada 1960-an.<br />
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Generasi_I">Generasi I</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Ponsel1973.jpg"><br />
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<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"></div>Telepon seluler generasi 1G</div></div></div>Telepon seluler generasi pertama disebut juga 1G. 1-G merupakan telepon seluler pertama yang sebenarnya. Tahun 1973, Martin Cooper dari Motorola Corp menemukan telepon seluler pertama dan diperkenalkan kepada public pada 3 April 1973. Telepon seluler yang ditemukan oleh Cooper memiliki berat 30 ons atau sekitar 800 gram. Penemuan inilah yang telah merubah dunia selamanya. Teknologi yang digunakan 1-G masih bersifat analog dan dikenal dengan istilah AMPS. AMPS menggunakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi" title="Frekuensi">frekuensi</a> antara 825 Mhz- 894 Mhz dan dioperasikan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band" title="Band">Band</a> 800 Mhz. Karena bersifat analog, maka sistem yang digunakan masih bersifat regional. Salah satu kekurangan generasi 1-G adalah karena ukurannya yang terlalu besar untuk dipegang oleh tangan. Ukuran yang besar ini dikarenakan keperluan tenaga dan performa baterai yang kurang baik. Selain itu generasi 1-G masih memiliki masalah dengan mobilitas pengguna. Pada saat melakukan panggilan, mobilitas pengguna terbatas pada jangkauan area telpon seluler.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Generasi_II">Generasi II</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"></div>Telepon seluler tahun 1996</div></div></div>Generasi kedua atau 2-G muncul pada sekitar tahun 1990-an. 2G di Amerika sudah menggunakan teknologi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>, sedangkan di Eropa menggunakan teknologi <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>. GSM menggunakan frekuensi standar 900 Mhz dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi" title="Frekuensi">frekuensi</a> 1800 Mhz. Dengan frekuensi tersebut, GSM memiliki kapasitas pelanggan yang lebih besar. Pada generasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G sinyal</a> analog sudah diganti dengan sinyal digital. Penggunaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal" title="Sinyal">sinyal</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital" title="Digital">digital</a> memperlengkapi telepon seluler dengan pesan suara, panggilan tunggu, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a>. Telepon seluler pada generasi ini juga memiliki ukuran yang lebih kecil dan lebih ringan karena penggunaan teknologi <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip" title="Chip">chip</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital" title="Digital">digital</a>. Ukuran yang lebih kecil juga dikarenakan kebutuhan tenaga <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baterai" title="Baterai">baterai</a> yang lebih kecil. Keunggulan dari generasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> adalah ukuran dan berat yang lebih kecil serta sinyal radio yang lebih rendah, sehingga mengurangi efek <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiasi" title="Radiasi">radiasi</a> yang membayakan pengguna.<br />
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<h3 style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="mw-headline" id="Generasi_III">Generasi III</span> </b></h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal;">Generasi ini disebut juga <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> yang memungkinkan operator jaringan untuk memberi pengguna mereka jangkauan yang lebih luas, termasuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> sebaik <i>video call</i> berteknologi tinggi. Dalam 3G terdapat 3 standar untuk dunia telekomunikasi yaitu Enhance Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Wideband-CDMA, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> 2000. Kelemahan dari generasi 3G ini adalah biaya yang relater lebih tinggi, dan kurangnya cakupan jaringan karena masih barunya teknologi ini. </h3><div class="thumb tright"></div><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Generasi_IV">Generasi IV</span></h3>Generasi ini disebut juga Fourth Generation (4G). 4G merupakan sistem telepon seluler yang menawarkan pendekatan baru dan solusi infrstruktur yang mengintegrasikan teknologi wireless yang telah ada termasuk <i>wireless broadband (WiBro), <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">wireless LAN</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></i>, dlll. sistem <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> berdasarkan heterogenitas jaringan IP yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk menggunakan beragam sistem kapan saja dan dimana saja. 4G juga memberikan penggunanya kecepatan tinggi, volume tinggi, kualitas baik, jangkauan global, dan fleksibilitas utnuk menjelajahi berbagai teknologi berbeda. Terakhir,4G memberikan pelayanan pengiriman data cepat untuk mengakomodasi berbagai aplikasi multimedia seperti, video conferencing, game on-line , dll.<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Perkembangan"></span></h2>Azezahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03672458911641656078noreply@blogger.com0